study is that cheating in sports, particularly doping in sports, is a serious problem that needs a radical solution …‘ah regarding performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) used in sports. This is achieved by showing that using prohibited substances and …. The problem states that some sports practitioners accept the idea of taking banned items and consider it to be inevitable …

Statistical data from the Independent Commission and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) indicate that Russia is the … worst violator of anti-doping rules. Multivariate statistical models find evidence that Russia performed unexpectedly well … biological passports and anti–doping rule violations, and that Russian outperformance was not limited to track and fi eld but …