Distribution system operators (DSO) are starting to implement market-based mechanisms to use the flexibility offered by distributed energy resources (DER) such as electric vehicles (EV). Several European countries are trialing a range of real-life tests and market designs, and local flexibility...

The introduction of competition into the electricity industry, organized a long time around a vertical integrated monopoly reveals problems of coordination which it is possible to treat by the appropriate combination of economic tools. The stake in terms of coordination of the electricity...

From 1998 to 2005, the German transmission grid has been put under a self-regulated arrangement. It seems hard to believe that transmission lines can be opened to "third-party access" only with a "negotiated access regime" and no regulator supervision. It seems contradictory with the notion of...