the impact of topography on trade across Europe by applying two-stage structural gravity estimations, identifying …The gravity literature has focused on distance, borders and contiguity to measure geography's impact on trade. We add … suggest that historically topography may have contributed to the marginalization of southeastern Europe in European trade. …

This paper introduces cultural gravity as a new concept for analyzing socio-economic disparities among immigrants. It … tests the existence of cultural gravity effects on the geographic concentration and human capital productivity of immigrants …. Using cultural distance as a proxy for the local cultural gravity potential, the paper seeks to capture empirical evidence …

most negative real total GDP growth included the Baltics, the Balkans, Southern Europe (Italy, Portugal) and Iceland. The …, Germany, Switzerland, Austria) and those in northern Europe (Sweden and Norway). …