's (1994) hypothesis of fixed costs of technology adoption when the state of technology is operationalised as the variety of …

Many studies use tariffs to measure changes in trade policy. This paper shows that standard sources for tariffs suffer … from substantial measurement error due to misreporting and the resulting false imputation: Countries fail to report tariffs … every year and missing data are more prevalent for preferential than for most favored nation (MFN) tariffs. WITS, the main …

generating import tariffs. This gives rise to a new type of welfare isomorphisms across models and liberalization scenarios and … allows deriving a structurally identical optimal tariff formula. In contrast to the case of iceberg trade costs, welfare …