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executives instead favor patronage -political discretion- in public employment. This paper proposes and tests an original theory … to explain when executives forsake patronage for merit. The theory exploits exogenous variation in the institutional … design of patronage states. In some, constitutions and budget laws monopolize patronage powers in the executive; in others …
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; experiment …
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We provide experimental evidence of workers' ingratiation by opinion conformity and of managers' discrimination in favor of workers with whom they share similar opinions. In our Baseline, managers can observe both workers' performance at a task and opinions before assigning unequal payoffs. In...
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Electoral clientelism and vote buying are widely perceived as major obstacles to economic development. This is because … they may limit the provision of public goods. In this paper, we review the literature on clientelism and vote buying and … countries. Clientelism and vote buying seem to be effective and to enjoy widespread electoral support. The results suggest that …
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