The functional distribution of income can be affected by price changes in international markets, by changes in technology which may be biased in factor saving, and by reductions in cost which allow vertically -integrated production processes to be fragmented and spread over several countries....

A country's export sector may encompass a raw material, as well as a final commodity that processes that raw material. A general equilibrium model is developed in a competitive setting to analyze a nation's optimal strategy in restricting raw materials exports when allowance is made for...

A new presentation of the specific factors model shows how labor fares under international trade by considering how the price elasticity of the nominal wage rate responds to the terms of trade as well as factor endowments. The key empirical implication is that under a standard assumption about...

When one country has a superior technology in <i>all</i> commodities, a Ricardian model with two goods and two countries is used to examine uncompensated transfers of superior technology in one or both goods. A transfer of the superior but second-best technology always benefits the advanced country...

This paper examines the connection between a terms-of-trade improvement and the real wage rate for a country that is immersed in a trading world with many traded commodities as well as a non-tradeable. There is an array of commodities that are imported but not produced at home, and the price of...

The Jones-Kierzkowski model of global fragmentation of production draws attention to the cost and efficiency of “service links” connecting “production blocks” in different countries. Country-specific service links include transport and telecommunications infrastructure and the overall...