Tremacoldi-Rossi, Pedro; Irwin, Scott H. - 2022
some markets and poorly in others, often yield negative or indeterminate estimates, and how to quantify estimation bias … empirically. Using the high-low spread estimator as our main setting, we show that the measure is biased due to two common bias … factors. These bias sources contribute to performance loss significantly more than idiosyncratic factors, including model …