dependency ratio (DR), is currently about 0.64. In the immediate pre-WWII era it was even higher because Japan's total fertility …The Japanese are becoming older. Americans are also becoming older. Demographic stress in Japan, measured by the ….44 in 1990. But further declining fertility and rising life expectancy caused the DR to shoot up after 1995.In this short …

. Fertility is the largest of the contributors in Japan. If there are no demographic changes in Japan, the DR will be 0.88 by 2050 … dependency ratio (DR), is currently about 0.64. In the immediate pre-WWII era it was even higher because Japan's total fertility …In this short note I simulate the DR under various conditions and make comparisons with the US. Japan has experienced a …

fertility, and (iv) there is a need for more public spending on childcare for age 6-11 in Japan and Korea to help women continue …Both Japan and Korea are trying to boost female labor force participation (FLFP) as they face the challenges of a … towards non-regular employment despite women's high education levels. This paper empirically examines what helps Japan and …

fertility, and (iv) there is a need for more public spending on childcare for age 6-11 in Japan and Korea to help women continue …Both Japan and Korea are trying to boost female labor force participation (FLFP) as they face the challenges of a … towards non-regular employment despite women's high education levels. This paper empirically examines what helps Japan and …

.S., Japan, and the EU-15 - and incorporates age- and time-specific fertility and mortality rates, detailed fiscal institutions … changes in fertility and mortality on the developed world's demographic transition. The model features three regions - the U … economic consequences of both higher fertility and lower mortality rates. The simulations indicate very minor effects on the …