historical periods in which uncertainty and risk premia were elevated because of news shocks. …

A large literature suggests that the expected equity risk premium is countercyclical. Using a variety of different … measures for this risk premium, we document that it also exhibits growth asymmetry, i.e. the risk premium rises sharply in … which agents cannot perfectly observe the state of current productivity, can generate the observed asymmetry in the risk …

derive a general analytic formula for the "risk premium" governing the resulting climate policy. The formula generalizes … making under uncertainty. It clarifies the distinct roles of risk aversion, prudence, characteristics of the damage … formulation, and future policy response. We show that an optimal response to uncertainty substantially reduces the risk premium. …