Since the seventies the existing order of international economic relations has been exposed to ever stronger pressures. Access to foreign markets must once again be regarded as a scarce commodity, since the far-reaching removal of tariff barriers has been more than compensated for by non-tariff...

This study investigates whether trade openness has a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on economic growth for 88 middle income countries during the global economic crisis of 2007 to 2008. Vulnerability, the exposure to financial risk caused by a financial crisis and resilience referring to how...

There is general consensuses among scholars on the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment as a main macroeconomic variables that drive economic growth of developing countries. However, the global economic crisis plays dominant role in determining the movement of these...