In this paper, empirically determined retrieval probabilities for control power are investigated. Since there is a … continuous need for balancing unscheduled deviations of supply and demand, control power is of very high importance for the … stability of the power system. Systems that are characterized by a high share of intermittent energy feed-in are especially …

Control power (regulating power, balancing power) is used to quickly restore the supply-demand balance in power systems … load, contracted control power decreased by 20%, and procurement cost fell by 50%. Today, control power adds only 0.4% to … household electricity prices. Nevertheless, we identify several sources of inefficiency in control power markets and imbalance …

and for unbalanced designs (where there are different numbers of treatment and control observations) are also provided … methods to compute the power of a complex design; and (3) methods to consider in the sample size calculation adjustments for …