Modeling transaction costs is of particular importance when analyzing price integration in developing countries. Spatial price integration among five major Bangladesh rice markets are examined over the post-liberalization period that covered a long time span from January 1999 to December 2021,...

The degree to which markets are spatially efficient has important implications for market liberalization and other policy reforms. After several attempts to control and regulate the marketing of maize in Benin, a liberalized free-market system was finally adopted in 1990. It was assumed that a...

This paper investigates nonlinear dynamics in monthly rice prices of 16 regions in the Philippines at three levels: farm gate, wholesale and retail, over the period of January 1990 to December 2012. We used a series of tests to investigate whether the regional prices are characterized by linear...