The North American Free Trade Agreement (‘NAFTA' or ‘the Agreement'), ratified in 1994, is the first free trade agreement to openly incorporate environmental provisions. Its ratification engendered a sustained debate on the effects of trade on environmental degradation that has hardly abated...

Ever since the European Court of Justice delivered its Laval judgment on 18 December 2007, the name of this small Latvian company has become notorious. The sole mention of ‘Viking and Laval' has become short-hand for those critical of a certain idea of Europe giving primacy to economic...

The paper assesses the impact of two key concepts - erga omnes and jus cogens - on the law of responsibility. Its particular focus is on the responsibility of the European Union. The paper argues that, while often considered to be purely theoretical categories, jus cogens and erga omnes in fact...