, private investments in captive substations emerge as a coping mechanism against unreliable electricity supply. Lastly, an …

, connection rates and electricity consumption remain low in grid connected areas, at least in the short and medium run. This paper … of grid electricity over time using a panel of 41 communities that were electrified up to ten years ago. We find that …, connection rates are much lower, at 51%. Furthermore, electricity consumption and appliance usage are low and did not grow over …