liberalisation was relatively more pronounced through the use of most favoured nation import tariff compared to applied import tariff … out of the 15 ECOWAS member countries in the sample. The research was also limited to tariff barriers as measure of trade … liberalisation. The same methodology can be applied as data becomes available while a consideration of non-tariff barriers could …

Most of the large tariff reductions achieved in multilateral tradenegotiations have involved tariff-cutting formulas … such as the Swissformula. However, wide variations in initial tariff rates between activeparticipants call for new … applications of the Swiss formula that target tariff escalation andpeaks, and would allow policy makers to directly target how far …

statutory tariff rates published by UNCTAD. She uses empirical tests to isolate the cause of trade liberalization. The results … support her hypothesis: tariff rates are positively related to fiscal shocks and negatively associated with episodes of tax …

quantification based on countries' observed degrees of openness, tariff revenues, and on the gravity elasticities of tariffs and …