We propose a differential evolution-based algorithm for constrained global optimization. Although differential evolution has been used as the underlying global solver, central to our approach is the penalty function that we introduce. The adaptive nature of the penalty function makes the results...

In the psychological and sociological framework of risk, we establish a static and dynamic equilibrium model for risk-sharing institutional evolution. Particularly, through a comparative study of marine insurance development in China and Europe, we address a wide set of research questions...

In the present study, ten different types of dewatered sewage sludges were treated in supercritical water in a high-pressure autoclave under a given condition (at 400 °C, 60 min and 23 MPa). The feasibility of direct gasification and the effect of sludge properties on the gasification of...

Hydrogen gas has been successfully produced from sewage sludge by supercritical water gasification. Therefore, whether toxic compounds are synthesized in the supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge should be clarified because of the complex pollutants in sludge. In the current study,...