The option of adapting to climate change is becoming more important in climate change policy. Hence, responding to climate change now involves both mitigation to address the cause and adaptation as a response to already ongoing or expected changes. These changes are also of relevance for the...

The objective of this discussion paper is to assess additionality and sustainable development issues of energy efficiency CDM projects with an emphasis on the situation in India. In the second half of 2005, almost 100 energy efficiency projects has been submitted for validation and 54 of those...

Global communities are paying growing attention to climate change. Greenhouse gases that cause climate change are a representative environmental bad in economics. As with goods, the efficient allocation of a bad is achieved through optimization behavior of market agents. Microeconomic theory...

Given that coal combustion is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in many countries, and against the background of more ambitious efforts to mitigate climate change since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, coal mining and combustion have become increasingly contested. A...

The impacts of climate change are expected to create numerous challenges for cities. This report synthesizes key points raised in a series of discussions among “adaptation leaders” from fourteen cities around the world. Critical issues for urban adaptation that emerged from the discussions...

This paper is a comprehensive historical, economic and legal review of the development of carbon markets, from the Acid Rain Program (US) to the European carbon market, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the US, and the California/Quebec market. The impact of international climate...

The deployment of eco-innovations in developing countries is a key driver of their contribution to efficiently addressing global environmental challenges. It is also a key driver of markets for eco-innovation and sustainable economic development. This report explores the barriers developing...

At the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010, developed countries formalised a collective climate finance commitment made previously in Copenhagen of “mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries...from a wide variety of sources,...

At the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010, developed countries formalised a collective climate finance commitment made previously in Copenhagen of “mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries...from a wide variety of sources,...