We estimate the effects of industrial localization on the spatial persistence of employment in the software industry. Locations with an initial concentration of software employment retain an excess number of employees, beyond that expected from job turnover and job persistence at the...

We examine how the spatial and social proximity of inventors affects knowledge flows, focusing especially on how the two forms of proximity interact. We develop a knowledge flow production function (KFPF) as a flexible tool for modeling access to knowledge and show that the optimal spatial...