recidivating within a year by 20 percent. This is largely a specific deterrence effect driven by the punishment itself and not by … the German traffic penalty catalogue maintains that drivers who commit a series of speeding transgressions within 365 days …

recidivating within a year by 20 percent. This is largely a specific deterrence effect driven by the punishment itself and not by … the German traffic penalty catalogue maintains that drivers who commit a series of speeding transgressions within 365 days …

severity imposed upon adolescents at age 18 deters violent crime by 10-12%. Results are robust to multiple techniques and … specifications. Using these results, we estimate an elasticity of crime with respect to sanction intensity that ranges from -0.145 to …

The empirical literature testing the economic theory of crime has extensively studied the relative importance of the … probability and the severity of punishment with reference to planned criminal activities. There are, however, also unplanned …

The empirical literature testing the economic theory of crime has extensively studied the relative importance of the … probability and the severity of punishment with reference to planned criminal activities. There are, however, also unplanned …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …

We estimate the causal effect of harsher speeding punishments on future driving behavior of cited drivers. To account …, and we instrument the punishment faced by a ticketed driver with the stopping officer's average lenience towards other … 25% more likely to receive an additional speeding ticket in the following year. We also find that drivers receiving the …