"Abstract: Taxation and liability are compared here as means of controlling harmful externalities. It is emphasized …

harmful externalities, its actual use has been limited, mainly to the domain of pollution. Liability, in contrast, has great … importance in controlling harmful externalities. I compare the tax and liability here in theory and suggest that the conclusions … help to explain the observed predominance of liability over taxation, except in the area of pollution. The following …

environment in output production. -- Total Factor Productivity ; Sources of Growth ; Environmental Externalities ; Energy …