Administrative enforcement of China's Anti-Monopoly Law is shared among three ministries, and a pan-ministry commission sits above these ministries to coordinate competition policy. This two-tiered tripartite enforcement structure has been criticized as inefficient, costly, and ineffective. In...

Digital innovations in finance, loosely known as fintech, have garnered a great deal of attention across the financial industry. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one such innovation that has been cited as a means of transforming payment, clearing, and settlement (PCS) processes, including...

The approach that competition authorities generally take to the task of competition advocacy focuses on general advocacy and advice to governments. Most discussions of competition advocacy generally take this ‘traditional’ advocacy path and discussions usually begin by asking what a...

This chapter reviews the traditional model of competition advocacy and explores its relevance to and limitations in developing countries. In particular, it examines the political challenges to competition reform in developing countries and the impact of institutional design on competition...

Despite the diversity of contexts and circumstances in which competition laws are developed and exist, many countries have enacted competition laws that are broadly similar. To learn more about the dynamics shaping the development of competition law at the national, regional, and international...

As the digital economy has grown and data has become a more valuable and critical resource, the collection, use, and sharing of data by companies have come under increasingly intense regulatory scrutiny. The relevance and appropriateness of antitrust and competition laws to deal with data,...