's social contract was linked to expanding energy access with good quality supply based on public financing and huge subsidies … pressure in 2014 when energy subsidies reached 6.8 percent of gross domestic product. Since then, the reform process has been … revived based on new electricity, gas, and renewable energy laws; price and subsidy adjustments; structural reforms with a …

for further extensive reforms, including a clean energy transition. Lessons include that state-centric institutions can …

independent regulation, partial privatization of the generation company (KenGen), and establishment of complementary entities … energy investment. The reforms have improved the operational efficiency of the sector, increased cost recovery, and captured … leading diversification toward geothermal energy. Political influence in sector decisions remains significant, in planning and …