In the last century, the evolution of manufacturing was characterized by several innovations, concerning technologies, processes, but also entire production systems, with radical changes in strategies, product design, and management of organizations. Cost, time, and quality are the pillars on...

Traditional methods of calculating the value of Pi are approximate. This article demonstrates that there is an accurate method for calculating its value to 16 significant digits based on the performance of a computer program in Turbo C 2.0 including formulas resulting from the combination of...