survey (ESJS), jobs are bundled according to their estimated risk of automation. The paper builds on the methodology of … very high risk of automation. The distribution of high automatability across industries and occupations is also found to be …

polarization resulted from increased automation, and provide a theoretical explanation. In our model, firms deciding whether to … fall. In addition to explaining job polarization, our model makes sense of observed patterns of automation and accounts for …

We develop an assignment model of automation. Each of a continuum of tasks of variable complexity is assigned to either … capital or one of a continuum of labor skills. We characterize conditions for interior automation, whereby tasks of … intermediate complexity are assigned to capital. Interior automation arises when the most skilled workers have a comparative …

The automation of work tasks due to technological change increases the pressure on employees whose workplaces consist … substitutable tasks performed and the risk of automation. These returns to training are highly relevant, but as yet little studied … informal training on work tasks and the automation probability for workers at risk of automation. The results show that …