A meta-analysis explains the variation in estimated trade effects of technical barriers to trade broadly defined, using available estimates from the empirical international trade literature, and accounting for data sampling and methodology differences. Agriculture and food industries tend to be...

We collected 95 primary studies that deploy the gravity model and use a dummy for islands as a controlling variable. Our analysis rejects the presence of (publication) bias in the empirical literature. The primary studies reveal a statistically positive and economically meaningful meta effect....