impact that healthcare costs have on household living standards in a high-income country with a long established universal … health care system. We undertook this analysis using a longitudinal, nationally representative dataset – the Household Income … defined as spending 10% or more of household income on healthcare. Results: Average total household expenditure on healthcare …

the macro level a flexible monetary regime is associated with fewer cutbacks in household consumption. At the meso level … impact of income shocks on household consumption, with the former especially important in middle-income countries …