states, Prussia granted patents more restrictively by setting higher novelty requirements. Though, patent fees were much … patent-regime change on world-fair exhibits per capita, which we use as a proxy for non-patented innovation. We interpret …This paper analyzes the consequences of radical patent-regime change by exploiting a natural experiment: the forced …

This paper utilizes a data set of over 208,000 U.S. patents applied for between 1975 and 2010 to study development of … strategic patenting over time and across industries. With received citations as a measure of patent social value, we use data … strategy reveals there was an almost universal drop in patent social value in the second half of the 1990s, signaling a shift …

This paper analyzes the optimal protection strategy for an innovator of a complex innovation who faces the risk of … imitation by a competitor. We suppose that the innovation can be continuously fragmented into sub-innovations. We characterize … the optimal mix of patent and trade secrets when the innovator faces a strict novelty requirement and can only patent a …