Since his election in 2017, President Emmanuel Macron has tried to distance himself from established and widely criticised patterns of France's Africa policy. He diversified relations with Africa in regional and substantive terms, integrated non-state actors and cultivated a comparatively open...

Public consumption has declined from 12 percent of GDP in 1996 to 10.8 percent in 1999 owing to fiscal consolidation: wage increases are moderate, and other current expenditures have grown slowly. Conversely, private consumption has increased from 75.2 percent of GDP in 1996 to 76.9 percent in...