A large theoretical and empirical literature explores whether politicians and political parties change their policy … municipal election districts. To identify causal effects, we take advantage of large nonlinearities in the function which … more votes in the next election after gaining a seat, while the anti-immigrant and far left parties lose their incumbency …

mayoral election. According to the democratic efficiency theory, voters can successfully punish ineffective political agents … prevents voters from successfully holding ineffective politicians accountable. We find that although there is limited support … bundle of goods politicians offer contains elements that pull in opposing directions. This prevents the punishment effect …

Discontinuity Design, we estimate that the law increases the share of elected female politicians by 22 percentage points. The result …