Japan’s gross government debt of 226% of GDP in 2018 is the highest ever recorded in the OECD area, and places the … infrastructure across jurisdictions and the development of compact cities in the context of depopulation in many parts of Japan … to ensure fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Japan (http://www.oecd.org/economy/japan-economic-snapshot/) …

Japan is in the midst of a demographic transition that is both rapid and large by international standards. As recently … as 1990, Japan had the youngest population among the Group of 6 large, developed countries. However, the combined effects … of aging of the baby boomer generation and low fertility rates have produced very rapid aging. Japan now finds itself …