Despite its good infrastructure and proximity to Singapore, Batam's economic performance has taken a turn for the worse … closed shop, the shipping industry is in the doldrums, and unemployment rates have begun to climb. The environment for …. First, Indonesia's decentralization reforms have made doing business in Batam much more complicated than it used to be …

Despite its good infrastructure and proximity to Singapore, Batam's economic performance has taken a turn for the worse … closed shop, the shipping industry is in the doldrums, and unemployment rates have begun to climb. The environment for …. First, Indonesia's decentralization reforms have made doing business in Batam much more complicated than it used to be …

This paper presents a detailed analysis of voters‟ responses to municipality and regional-level unemployment and …. The preferred specification suggests that a reduction in regional unemployment by one percentage point is associated with … regional level, is substantial in size, but statistically insignificant. At the municipality level, unemployment has a smaller …

This paper presents a detailed analysis of voters' responses to municipality and regional-level unemployment and …. The preferred specification suggests that a reduction in regional unemployment by one percentage point is associated with … regional level, is substantial in size, but statistically insignificant. At the municipality level, unemployment has a smaller …