Indian Railways is one of the world's largest public sector organizations. Its network, traffic, organization and extent of vertical integration are gigantic. This paper undertakes a critical examination of its procurement process to understand the procedures and institutional mechanisms which...

The smart cards are now days commonly utilised for purchasing the transportation services ticket fares like buses, railways, etc. There are many such projects underway around the world for transportation utility services like railways. The important factor for the ticketing system in railways is...