Existing indices of ethnic diversity are generally based on pre-defined groups, disregarding the (dis)similarities between them. This paper proposes an index that includes the dissimilarity in language, ethno-racial characteristcs and religion between groups. The resulting distance-adjusted...

Institutional theory, Africa and ethnic business communities -- Institutional diversity prior to 1900 -- Discrete and evolutionary change during colonialism -- Land, agriculture and urban business following independence -- Metal manufacturing: location and technology -- Legal and financial...