This paper applies a stochastic electoral model to modeling elections in Poland in 1997, 2001 and 2005, in Georgia in 2008, and in Azerbaijan in 2010. We find that in Poland the valence differences are sufficiently large to force low valence parties or candidates to adopt divergent positions. We...

This paper surveys the results in general equilibrium theory based on dynamical models, and emphasizes the role of structural stability. In this context it is natural to consider a preference field H for the society, combining economic fields, associated with the preferred changes wrought by...

This paper surveys the results in general equilibrium theory based on dynamical models, and emphasizes the role of structural stability. In this context it is natural to consider a preference field H for the society, combining economic fields, associated with the preferred changes wrought by...

Formal work on the electoral model often suggests that parties should locate at the electoral mean. Recent research has found no evidence of such convergence. In order to explain non-convergence, the stochastic electoral model is extended by including a competence and sociodemographic valance in...

This paper attemps to understand a dilemma embedded in the Declaration of Independence: the expected costs of war against Britain far exceeded any possible war benefits, if these are construed simply as the removal of colonial taxation.