The budgetary pressures, scarcity of resources, and incessant increases in the demand for public services have driven the Malaysian government to involve the private sector in the development of infrastructure through public–private partnership (PPP) projects. Despite the benefits of PPP...

The issue of measurement invariance commonly arises in factor-analytic contexts, with methods for assessment including likelihood ratio tests, Lagrange multiplier tests, and Wald tests. These tests all require advance definition of the number of groups, group membership, and offending model...