-year earnings. We do this by examining income smoothing based on pseudo fiscal years. For each firm, we create pseudo-year earnings …-year earnings. We find that this measure of income smoothing behaves as expected in a variety of cross-sectional tests. Moreover, we … intentional income smoothing than with the integral approach to accounting. Our evidence is consistent with income smoothing being …

noninterest income (commission and fee income) indicating increased systematic risk due to reduced diversification benefits. We … to engage in income-increasing earnings management significantly depend on bank size and ex-post interest margin …We investigate whether European banks use commission and fee income to smooth reported earnings or to persistently …