impact of in-utero exposure to local violence - measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of … low birthweight and prematurity. Effects are found in both rural areas, where homicides are rare, and in urban areas …

impact of in-utero exposure to local violence – measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of … low birthweight and prematurity. Effects are found in both rural areas, where homicides are rare, and in urban areas …

analysis of homicides rate during 2000- 2010 is undertaken through the inclusion of temporal dynamic characteristics in a … that affects the demographic dynamics and social connectivity of the last decade that affects homicides and their temporal … density of young population and low coverage in secondary education affect the diffusion and concentration of homicides in …

Brazil's violence is changing. Recent analyses highlight a trend of dispersion of violence such that homicide rates in urban … violence and economic activity, and also generates a proxy to measure the geographic concentration of police forces. Using … panel data across all 26 states from 1995 to 2011, we find evidence of a correlation between dispersion of violence and GDP …

The effect of violence on people’s residential choice remains a debated topic in the literature on crime and conflict …. We examine the case of the drug war in Mexico, which dramatically increased the number of homicides since late 2006 …. Using data from the Mexican Census and labor force surveys, we estimate the impact of violence on migration at the municipal …