We analyze the phenomenon of hub dominance by developing a model relating faresto distance, using the mainleg of intercontinental flights for scaling purposes. Our results indicate thatat least some of the major Europeancarriers place a mark up on flights originating from or going to their hubs.

This paper clarifies the relation between per se hub-and-spoke and vertical rule of reason antitrust analysis, the tension between which is illustrated with a detailed examination of the Apple e-books case