characteristics. Adoption costs are lower for older children, special needs children, and children of African descent. To our … inform policies regarding the transition of children from foster care to adoptive families and may help to determine … appropriate subsidies aimed at achieving permanency and improved overall child well-being. -- child welfare ; adoption ; subsidy …

adoptive parents. We argue that the impact from biological parents captures broad pre-birth factors, including genes and … prenatal environment, and the impact from adoptive parents represents broad post-birth factors, such as childhood environment …

the variation in adoption costs is explained by child characteristics. In particular, costs lower for older children …, children of African descent, and special needs children. Findings inform policies regarding the transition of children from …