This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identfication of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

Parents invest in their children's human capital in several ways. We investigate the extent to which the levels and … composition of parent-child time varies across countries with different welfare regimes: Finland, Germany and the United States …. We test the hypothesis of parentchild time as a form of human capital investment in children using a propensity score …