, firstly, implement an estimation approach that allows for both direct and indirect ("spillover") effects of the subsidy on the …

producing patents using noncompetitive grant matching policies. Due to technological spillovers, the cost of spurring patents … related to specific technologies are much larger than the costs of spurring any kind of patent. Due to geographic spillovers …/foreign split of output is about 75/25. The large spillovers across these two dimensions imply that the cost effectiveness of …

Negative international spillovers created by nontariff policies are a rising source of trade tensions and conflicts … spillovers are both large and systemic in nature. Doing so requires going beyond trade ministries and bringing in finance and …