Under Articles 31 and 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement, WTO members may validly sanction the use of a patented invention without the patent owner's authorization by issuing a compulsory license (CL). In the pharmaceuticals space, governments have historically employed compulsory licenses to compel...

In today's medical centers, what patients and family members alike are met with is numbers: Hypotheticals, probabilities and percentages. When combined with complex medical jargon, this can quickly lead to confusion and uncertainty, as those involved must make sense of the stats before they can...

Market Menagerie addresses the tensions between economic and social policies. This book explores how states, markets, and other institutions interact within the health industry--using India as a primary case study.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1: Overview of Modern Artificial Intelligence -- 1.1 Brief History of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.2 Waves of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.2.1 First Wave: Logic-Based Handcrafted Knowledge -- 1.2.2 Second...

This paper analyzes the debate over the international dissemination of data exclusivity as a form of protection for clinical trial data. This is a critical demand for pharmaceutical companies seeking larger market shares and longer periods of monopoly in order to recover investments in research...