is providing assistance to the Government of Tajikistan to address irrigation and drainage deficiencies in Eastern Sughd …. The main SA objectives were to understand how prevailing structures of water provision, land reforms, and gender relations … rehabilitation of irrigation networks, drainage systems, and reservoir dykes and to emphasize institutional development through …

, and the women worked closer to home. Next, due to the common pool nature of irrigation water, historically irrigation has …This paper proposes that ancestral use of irrigation reduces contemporary female labor force participation and female … property rights. We test this hypothesis using an exogenous measure of irrigation and data from the Afrobarometer, cross …

understand the feminization phenomenon in rural Tajikistan. Agrarian reforms, seasonal male labor outmigration, and the … subsequent increase in women's labor participation have facilitated changes in gender occupational segregation. We assume that in … post-Soviet transition countries such as Tajikistan, the process of feminization grew from the need to take on jobs and to …

This contribution focuses on the interaction between structural change in agriculture and the availability of key … in agriculture can be triggered by scarcity of natural resources. The third dimension describes structural change that …. Tajikistan faces physical and institutional scarcity in arable land. The institutional scarcity is due to the non-transparent and …