; cooperation ; social norm ; reciprocity ; fairness ; spitefulness …This paper investigates the driving forces behind informal sanctions in cooperation games and the extent to which … theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators' punishment is almost exclusively targeted …

This paper documents the role of village fairness norms in land markets. We establish a strong and robust relationship … between experimentally elicited village-level fairness norms and land rental markets across 250 villages in Malawi. Stronger … fairness norms correlate with a tighter range in rental rates. Fairness norms for tenants predominate and land-rental price …

may render the provision of explicit incentive inefficient because the incentives may crowd out voluntary co-operation. It …