We propose implied spreads (IS) and normalized implied spreads (NIS) as simple measures to characterize option prices. IS is the credit spread of an option's implied bond, the portfolio long a risk-free bond and short a put option. NIS normalizes IS by the risk-neutral default probability and...

Real and financial capital -- Risk and risk management -- Leverage -- Adverse selection and corporate financing decisions -- Capital budgeting, project selection, and performance evaluation -- Risk transfer -- Risk finance -- Insurance -- Reinsurance -- Credit insurance and financial guarantees...