With the development of the internet and the availability of smart phones, online shopping and the number of digital buyers have increased enormously under the present social context (COVID-19). The major pitfall of this marketing system is the random non-availability of/refusal by customers....

This paper develops an inventory model of a volume flexible manufacturing system for a deteriorating item with randomly distributed shelf life, continuous time-varying demand, and shortages over a finite time horizon. It is assumed that the produced units deteriorate over time with uncertainty...