The present study explores determinants and degree of export diversification over time. For this purpose Gini Hirschman Index (GHI) is used to estimate the degree of export diversification. Moreover, this study observes determinant of export diversification by taking time series data of...

We develop a methodology to construct real effective exchange rates that incorporate two distinctive elements not accounted for in the traditional measures: i) competition in third markets and ii) adjustments for similarity in export baskets between exporters and their competitors. In addition...

We propose the so-called domestic "embodied unit labor costs" (EULC) at the country-sector level as a new cost-related basis for measures of international competitiveness. EULC take into account that a sector's labor costs constitute only a small share of its total cost which to a large extent...