Price instruments are well known policy handles to influence effectively residential water demand. Prices used to beset by water authorities in such a way that the principle of cost coverage was respected; they acted as prominentinstruments in residential water policies in the past decades. More...

A multi-agent system (MAS) is a branch of distributed artificial intelligence, composed of a number of distributed and autonomous agents. In a MAS, effective coordination is essential for autonomous agents to achieve their goals. Any decision based on a foundation of knowledge and reasoning can...

Purpose Decision-making is always an issue that managers have to deal with. Keenly observing to different preferences of the targets provides useful information for decision-makers who do not require too much information to make decisions. The main purpose is to avoid decision-makers in a...

Purpose Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is the most commonly used density-based clustering algorithm, while it cannot be directly applied to the railway investment risk assessment. To overcome the shortcomings of calculation method and parameter limits of...

Energy Supplier Selection is vital for sustainable energy management. Optimal supplier choices reduce environmental impact and promote resource efficiency per green principles. However, A decision model for Energy Supplier Selection is crucial in making informed choices for sustainable and...