Judging by only economic incentives, Malaysian financial institutions (particularly banks) should completely ignore the Competition Act. The data show that Malaysian banks probably benefit from anti-competitive behaviour. Political and family connections likely facilitate such behaviour. Given...

This paper casts the economic and regulatory debate around digital platforms in a broader and more historical context. We emphasise that despite the considerable theoretical and policy-making discussion that focuses on the specific attributes of platforms-the presence of indirect network...

Network sharing arrangements are common between mobile operators in Europe. There is also increasing interest in "co-investment" between fixed networks. Such arrangements have generally been cleared by anti-trust authorities. However, with the industry continually evolving and new types of...