Introduction: Black women and Madison Avenue -- Women and African-Americans in the advertising profession: an historical overview of the industry and people -- Barbara Gardner Proctor: unconventional advertising pioneer -- Caroline Robinson Jones: tenacious advertising trailblazer -- Joel P....

Purpose: This paper aims to track how African-American or black male advertising models are viewed by male consumers within the context of dramatic ongoing cultural and legal change. It provides broader implications for other ethnic minorities. Design/methodology/approach: A content analysis of...